Which of the following describes substance dependence?

Substance dependence is characterized by a pattern of compulsive use of substances, leading to significant impairment or distress. Individuals who experience substance dependence often find that their use of drugs or alcohol becomes a primary focus in their lives, resulting in a range of negative consequences. This can include physical and psychological cravings, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and a compulsion to seek and use the substance despite adverse effects on their health, relationships, and responsibilities.

In contrast, the other options describe scenarios that do not align with the criteria of substance dependence. Casual use of substances without significant impact suggests a lack of negative consequences, which does not indicate dependence. Periodic and controlled use implies that the person has the ability to manage their consumption without spiraling into compulsive behavior. Lastly, use of substances in social settings only suggests controlled and situational use rather than a dependent relationship with the substance. Hence, the description that best fits substance dependence is indeed the pattern of compulsive use of substances.